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(542-544\u0647\u0640\/ 1147-1149\u0645)\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c<a name=\"_ftnref4\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn4\">[4]<\/a>\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0633\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a 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\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0651\u0643\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0644<a name=\"_ftnref11\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn11\">[11]<\/a>\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 (\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0633)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627<a name=\"_ftnref12\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn12\">[12]<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645: \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 (962-1022\u0647\u0640\/ 1554-1613\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628 \u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u063a\u0629\u064d \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u062a: 347\u0647\u0640\/ 861\u0645) \u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u00bb<a name=\"_ftnref13\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn13\">[13]<\/a>. \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0633<a name=\"_ftnref14\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn14\">[14]<\/a>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647 \u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 (987\u0647\u0640\/ 1579\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0629 (\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0644) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627<a name=\"_ftnref15\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn15\">[15]<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (969\u0647\u0640\/ 1561\u0645) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u064d \u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629\u064d \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0629) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0624\u0627\u0632\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630\u0647 \u0648\u0632\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0633 (Fai yulus)<a name=\"_ftnref16\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn16\">[16]<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u062c\u062f 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\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633<a name=\"_ftnref19\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn19\">[19]<\/a>\u00a0(P.D. Germanus) (997-1081\u0647\u0640\/ 1588-1670\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627 &#8211; \u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 &#8211; \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: (fabrica lginguae arabicae, roma)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u062f\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0628\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c 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\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u062a\u0646\u063a\u0631 (1030-1078\u0647\u0640\/ 1620- 1667\u0645) \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1069\u0647\u0640\/ 1658\u0645) \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629\u064d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0641\u0627\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621) \u0642\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647: \u00ab\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u00bb<a name=\"_ftnref21\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn21\">[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u062f\u064f\u0634\u0651\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062e \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0646\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646<a name=\"_ftnref22\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn22\">[22]<\/a>\u00a0(Abraham Hinckelman)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0628\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 Schultzio).Schillelriana) \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1106\u0647\u0640\/ 1694\u0645) \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a 560 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629<a name=\"_ftnref23\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn23\">[23]<\/a>\u060c \u00ab\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u064f\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1114\u0647\u0640\/ 1702\u0645) \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0633<a name=\"_ftnref24\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn24\">[24]<\/a>\u00a0(Anderia Acouthos)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a 57 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629:<\/p>\n<p>Alcoranca, sive specimen Alcorani quadriling uis Arabici, persici, Turcici. Latini<a name=\"_ftnref25\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn25\">[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u062c\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0636\u0631\u0628 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u062f\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u0651\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1305\u0647\u0640\/ 1887\u0645) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629<a name=\"_ftnref26\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn26\">[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0633<a name=\"_ftnref27\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn27\">[27]<\/a>\u00a0(gohann michaaelis) \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629\u064d \u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u064d \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0642\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627<a name=\"_ftnref28\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn28\">[28]<\/a>\u00a0(Philologie) \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633<a name=\"_ftnref29\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn29\">[29]<\/a>. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0631\u064a\u0633\u0643\u0647<a name=\"_ftnref30\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn30\">[30]<\/a>\u00a0(Johann Jakob Reiske) \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u064b\u0627 -\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646- \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062c\u0648\u0644\u0629\u064d \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u062f\u0646 (1151\u0647\u0640\/ 1738\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0627 \u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629\u064d \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0644\u063a\u0629\u064d \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629<a name=\"_ftnref31\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn31\">[31]<\/a>\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1152\/ 1739\u0645) \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u064d \u0628\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0643\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u062d \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0642\u0639 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\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u064f\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 (1322\u0647\u0640\/ 1904\u0645) \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a) \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a<a name=\"_ftnref37\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn37\">[37]<\/a>. \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1287\u0647\u0640\/ 1870\u0645) \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u062a<a name=\"_ftnref38\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn38\">[38]<\/a>\u00a0(Ruckert, Fr)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u064f\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1242\u0647\u0640\/ 1826\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0633\u064a<a name=\"_ftnref39\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn39\">[39]<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0644\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627<a name=\"_ftnref40\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn40\">[40]<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0643\u0628\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u062e \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0635\u062d\u0651\u062d \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0623\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0627\u063a \u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0641 \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a<a name=\"_ftnref41\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn41\">[41]<\/a>.<a name=\"_ftnref42\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn42\">[42]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646<a name=\"_ftnref43\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn43\">[43]<\/a>\u00a0(A. Dillmann) \u0641\u064a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u064f \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0634 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0636\u0628\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0645\u0630\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u062a\u0646\u062c\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u062d\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629<a name=\"_ftnref44\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn44\">[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635 \u062c\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a<a name=\"_ftnref45\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn45\">[45]<\/a>\u00a0(JACOB BART ) \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627: \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 (1312\u0647\u0640\/ 1894\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 (1337\u0647\u0640\/ 1918\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645\u064d \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064d (1320\u0647\u0640\/ 1902\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629: \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0645\u064a<a name=\"_ftnref46\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn46\">[46]<\/a>\u00a0\u0648\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0637\u0631\u0651\u0641\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633<a name=\"_ftnref47\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn47\">[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0623\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0634\u0631<a name=\"_ftnref48\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn48\">[48]<\/a>\u00a0(Fleischer, H.L) \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629) \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631 -\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629- \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0641\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0643\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0647 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0641\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0651 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646<a name=\"_ftnref49\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn49\">[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f<a name=\"_ftnref50\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn50\">[50]<\/a>\u00a0(hainres ewalld) -\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0647- \u0628\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0629\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u063a\u0648\u062a\u0646\u063a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u063a\u0646\u060c \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0637\u0645\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 (Grammatica Critica Linguae Arabicae) \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u062a\u064a\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0647<a name=\"_ftnref51\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn51\">[51]<\/a>\u00a0(Theodoor. Noldeke) \u060c \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0632\u0646<a name=\"_ftnref52\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn52\">[52]<\/a>\u00a0(Julus Wwllhausen)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0647<a name=\"_ftnref53\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn53\">[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u064a\u062c\u0631<a name=\"_ftnref54\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn54\">[54]<\/a>\u00a0(Willhelm Geiger) \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648-\u062c\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (1309\u0647\u0640\/ 1891\u0645)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648-\u062c\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629). \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0634\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u062f\u0641\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0622\u0628\u0644 (Ludwing Able) \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0651\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 (1312-1318\u0647\u0640\/ 1894-1900\u0645)<a name=\"_ftnref55\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn55\">[55]<\/a>\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0625\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0645 (\u0622\u0628\u0644) \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0646<a name=\"_ftnref56\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn56\">[56]<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u064e (\u0622\u0628\u0644) \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u062a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 &#8230;\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646<a name=\"_ftnref57\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn57\">[57]<\/a>\u00a0(Carl Brockelmann) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 &#8230; \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0646\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0628 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1894\u00bb<a name=\"_ftnref58\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn58\">[58]<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064f\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0647\u0644<a name=\"_ftnref59\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn59\">[59]<\/a>\u00a0(Joseph Hell ) \u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629<a name=\"_ftnref60\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn60\">[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0637\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0643\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u062a\u0646\u062c\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0634 (Pertsch, W. 1248) (1317\u0647\u0640\/ 1832-1899\u0645) -\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0647\u0627- \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633 \u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1295\u0647\u0640\/ 1878\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 2891 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0648 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633 \u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1318\u0647\u0640\/ 1900\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u064a\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0631<a name=\"_ftnref61\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn61\">[61]<\/a>\u00a0\u0633\u0646\u0629 (1281\u0647\u0640\/1864)<a name=\"_ftnref62\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn62\">[62]<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f<a name=\"_ftnref63\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn63\">[63]<\/a>\u00a0\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621<a name=\"_ftnref64\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn64\">[64]<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u0646\u0643\u0631<a name=\"_ftnref65\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn65\">[65]<\/a>\u00a0\u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 (\u0644\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1293\u0647\u0640\/ 1876\u0645)<a name=\"_ftnref66\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn66\">[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u00ab\u062a\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1302\u0647\u0640\/ 1884\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a (Die Deutsche Morgenlandische Gesellschaft)\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627. \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633&#8230; \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629\u00bb<a name=\"_ftnref67\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn67\">[67]<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u062a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c 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\u064a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627<a name=\"_ftnref72\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn72\">[72]<\/a>\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u00ab\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u064a\u0651\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063a\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0629\u00bb<a name=\"_ftnref73\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn73\">[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u062f \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062f\u0648 \u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062e \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0646 (\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1365\u0647\u0640\/ 1945\u0645) \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<a name=\"_ftnref74\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn74\">[74]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0647\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631<a name=\"_ftnref75\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn75\">[75]<\/a>\u00a0(Ritter, Hellmut)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u064e\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u064b\u0627\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0651\u0642\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u064d\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1339\u0647\u0640\/ 1920\u0645)<a name=\"_ftnref76\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn76\">[76]<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u00ab\u0644\u0648 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u0651\u0633\u0627\u0639 \u0631\u0642\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0642\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0648\u0632 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u0650\u062f \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u00bb<a name=\"_ftnref77\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn77\">[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0627<a name=\"_ftnref78\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn78\">[78]<\/a>\u00a0(Julius Ferdivavd Ruska ) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 (1329\u0647\u0640\/ 1911\u0645) \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633<a name=\"_ftnref79\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn79\">[79]<\/a>\u00a0Arsitotale) 284-322\u0642.\u0645)\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0651 \u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a (1331\u0647\u0640\/ 1912\u0645) \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0629 (Der Islam) (\u062c4\u060c \u063514-66-236-262) \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: (\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a)<a name=\"_ftnref80\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn80\">[80]<\/a>\u00a0\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646\u062e<a name=\"_ftnref81\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn81\">[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a\u064d \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064d \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u064a\u0646\u0648 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646<a name=\"_ftnref82\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn82\">[82]<\/a>\u00a0(Enno Lttmann) \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u0648\u0634\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645: \u062c\u0639\u0632\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0627 (\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a-\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a-\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0634\u064a\u062f \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<a name=\"_ftnref83\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn83\">[83]<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0645<a name=\"_ftnref84\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn84\">[84]<\/a>\u00a0\u0639\u0627\u0645 (1324\u0647\u0640\/ 1906\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0634\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1332\u0647\u0640\/ 1913\u0645)<a name=\"_ftnref85\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn85\">[85]<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u0648\u0634 (\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a (\u0633\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0633)<a name=\"_ftnref86\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn86\">[86]<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0647\u064f\u0630\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u063a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0630\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0647<a name=\"_ftnref87\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn87\">[87]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0651\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0634\u0631<a name=\"_ftnref88\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn88\">[88]<\/a>\u00a0(Fiescher)\u060c \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c\u062a \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u064a\u0643\u0631<a name=\"_ftnref89\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn89\">[89]<\/a>\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646<a name=\"_ftnref90\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn90\">[90]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u064c \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u064c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0645: \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0646 \u0646\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0631<a name=\"_ftnref91\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn91\">[91]<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0632\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0646<a name=\"_ftnref92\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn92\">[92]<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0641\u064a\u062c \u0628\u0648\u0643\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a<a name=\"_ftnref93\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn93\">[93]<\/a>\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 -\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0643\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645\u0627<a name=\"_ftnref100\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn100\">[100]<\/a>&#8211; \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u064d \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629<a name=\"_ftnref101\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn101\">[101]<\/a>. \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627<a name=\"_ftnref102\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn102\">[102]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0644\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627: \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u064a<a name=\"_ftnref103\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn103\">[103]<\/a>\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647 \u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629\u064d \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u064d \u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0633\u062e \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0635\u062f\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0633 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0639\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u064e \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646<a name=\"_ftnref104\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn104\">[104]<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0633\u0643\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0642\u0639<a name=\"_ftnref105\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn105\">[105]<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647<a name=\"_ftnref106\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn106\">[106]<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645<a name=\"_ftnref107\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn107\">[107]<\/a>\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0642\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0637 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\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647\u0629 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0644\u0629\u064d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0634\u0647\u062f\u0627 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0649 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629)<a name=\"_ftnref108\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn108\">[108]<\/a>\u060c \u0648(\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629)<a name=\"_ftnref109\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn109\">[109]<\/a>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u062f\u0651 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064d \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a<a name=\"_ftnref110\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn110\">[110]<\/a>\u00a0\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629<a name=\"_ftnref111\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn111\">[111]<\/a>. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0639\u0628\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0628\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u064f\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0651\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0651\u0628\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646<a name=\"_ftnref112\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn112\">[112]<\/a>\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0651\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0644\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0651\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0633\u0642\u064d \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0651 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651 (\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a) \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064b\u0627<a name=\"_ftnref113\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn113\">[113]<\/a>. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0644\u0629\u064d \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a: \u00ab\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 -\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a- \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0628\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f(\u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645)\u00a0\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627\u00bb<a name=\"_ftnref114\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn114\">[114]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064f\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0651\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0647\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>1- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a (<\/strong><strong>Philologie<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0628\u0640 (\u0628\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629)<a name=\"_ftnref115\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn115\">[115]<\/a>. \u0648\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0629\u064b \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u064e\u062f\u0650\u0645 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629\u064d \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u064d \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0644\u064a\u062c\u0644<a name=\"_ftnref116\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn116\">[116]<\/a>\u00a0\u064a\u0624\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0625\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646<a name=\"_ftnref117\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn117\">[117]<\/a>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0634\u0644\u064a\u062c\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0642\u0633\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0641\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0651\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0644\u0635\u0642 \u0628\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<a name=\"_ftnref118\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn118\">[118]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a) \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0651 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a: \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 (Semmitic)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 (Hamitic)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648-\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 (Indo-European)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0644\u0631<a name=\"_ftnref119\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn119\">[119]<\/a>\u00a0\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628<a name=\"_ftnref120\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn120\">[120]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064d \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064d 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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627\u00bb<a name=\"_ftnref131\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn131\">[131]<\/a>. \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0651 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a)\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0628\u0651\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0632\u0641 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: (\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0641\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646<a name=\"_ftnref132\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn132\">[132]<\/a>\u00a0\u0648\u0634\u0627\u062e\u062a \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0647<a name=\"_ftnref133\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn133\">[133]<\/a>\u00a0\u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<a name=\"_ftnref134\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn134\">[134]<\/a>\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629) \u0625\u0646\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0648\u0646 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\u064a\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a<a name=\"_ftnref137\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn137\">[137]<\/a>\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0651 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u064d \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u064d \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 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\u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627\u061f \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u0651\u062e: \u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0647\u0627\u061f \u0623\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u061f\u00bb<a name=\"_ftnref139\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn139\">[139]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0640\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0640\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0638\u0647\u0640\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0640\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 (Les Annales)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0640\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0640\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629<a name=\"_ftnref140\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn140\">[140]<\/a><br \/>\n(<a name=\"_ftnref141\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn141\">[141]<\/a>Les Annale). \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a<a name=\"_ftnref142\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn142\">[142]<\/a>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0635\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0635\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u062f\u0651\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629<a name=\"_ftnref143\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn143\">[143]<\/a>\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064c \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0631\u062a\u0632 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0635\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647<a name=\"_ftnref146\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn146\">[146]<\/a>. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\u064d 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name=\"_ftnref148\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn148\">[148]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0648\u0627 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0636\u062f\u0651 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645. \u0643\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0631<a name=\"_ftnref149\"><\/a><a 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\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647&#8230; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0633\u0644\u0641\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u062f\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<a name=\"_ftnref163\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn163\">[163]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0634\u0631<a name=\"_ftnref164\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn164\">[164]<\/a>\u00a0\u0644\u0634\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0628\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 (\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644) \u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a<a name=\"_ftnref165\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn165\">[165]<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u062f\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u062f\u0648\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<a name=\"_ftnref166\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn166\">[166]<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0643<a name=\"_ftnref167\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn167\">[167]<\/a>\u00a0(H. Thorbecke) \u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u062a\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0629) \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 (1304\u0647\u0640\/ 1886\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u062e\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0627\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629<a name=\"_ftnref168\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn168\">[168]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u064d\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0644\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 (1234\u0647\u0640\/ 1818\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0644\u062f<a name=\"_ftnref169\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn169\">[169]<\/a>\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 (1247\u0647\u0640\/ 1831\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a<a name=\"_ftnref170\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn170\">[170]<\/a>\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 (1265\u0647\u0640\/ 1848\u0645)\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0647 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0648\u0643\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0644\u0631<a name=\"_ftnref171\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn171\">[171]<\/a>\u00a0(Muller Augst) \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0644\u063a\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0634\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (1280\u0647\u0640\/ 1863\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0629 (1279\u0647\u0640\/ 1862\u0645) \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0644<a name=\"_ftnref172\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn172\">[172]<\/a>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631<a name=\"_ftnref173\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn173\">[173]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0641\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a\u0634\u0631<br \/>\n(W.Fischer)<a name=\"_ftnref174\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn174\">[174]<\/a>\u00a0\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u0641\u0647\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u0629\u064b \u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u064b<a name=\"_ftnref175\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn175\">[175]<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064d \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629\u061b \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647<a name=\"_ftnref176\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn176\">[176]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0651\u0631\u060c \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u064c \u0645\u0646 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\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629\u064d \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u064d \u0645\u064f\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062b\u0648\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u063a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 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\u0648\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0651\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a<a name=\"_ftnref189\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn189\">[189]<\/a>\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u062c\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0644\u062f\u0649 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\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645(\u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645)\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0634\u0628\u0631\u0646\u062c\u0631<a name=\"_ftnref200\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn200\">[200]<\/a>\u00a0(Aloys Spreenger) \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646 (\u062a 808\u0647\u0640\/ 1405\u0645) \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f [\u0635] \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647) \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u0641\u0633\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064f \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631<a name=\"_ftnref201\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn201\">[201]<\/a>\u060c \u00ab\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0634\u0628\u0631\u0646\u062c\u0631 &#8230;\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f [\u0635] \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0631\u062f\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u0627\u064a\u0644<a name=\"_ftnref202\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn202\">[202]<\/a>. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629\u064b \u063a\u0627\u0636\u0628\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 (\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u064a\u0631)<a name=\"_ftnref203\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn203\">[203]<\/a>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a(\u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645)\u00bb<a name=\"_ftnref204\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn204\">[204]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u063a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0641 \u0641\u0627\u064a\u0644 (Gustav Wwil) \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f(\u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645) \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064d \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u064d \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0641\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a(\u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0645<a name=\"_ftnref205\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn205\">[205]<\/a>\u00a0(\u062a213\u0647\u0640\/ 828\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u0631\u064a<a name=\"_ftnref206\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn206\">[206]<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629<a name=\"_ftnref207\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn207\">[207]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0651\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644(\u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645)\u060c \u0641\u0646\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0647 \u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 (\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646) \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645(\u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645)\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627: \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0644\u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u0634\u0627\u062e\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644(\u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645) \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u063a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f(\u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645) \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645<a name=\"_ftnref208\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn208\">[208]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0641\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0632\u0646 (Julus Wwllhausen ) \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644(\u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645) \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f(\u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0629 (1300\u0647\u0640\/ 1882\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0643 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644: \u0623\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f(\u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645) (1355\u0647\u0640\/ 1936\u0645) \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f(\u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645) \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0651\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0647 (1372\u0647\u0640\/ 1952\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0641\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0644\u062f<a name=\"_ftnref209\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn209\">[209]<\/a>\u00a0(Heinrich Wuestenfeld) \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 (1858-1860-1899)<a name=\"_ftnref210\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn210\">[210]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062b- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u062d\u0638\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 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\u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0631\u0651\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0639\u0631\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<a name=\"_ftnref218\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn218\">[218]<\/a>. \u0648\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0643\u0644\u0651 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\u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627: \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u00ab\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u00bb<a name=\"_ftnref219\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn219\">[219]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u0634 \u0628\u064a\u0643\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064d \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 (\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u062c\u0646 1325\u0647\u0640\/ 1907\u0645) \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 (1335\u0647\u0640\/ 1916\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 1341\u0647\u0640\/ 1922\u0645)<a name=\"_ftnref220\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn220\">[220]<\/a>. \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0643\u0631 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0631\u062c \u064a\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0628<a name=\"_ftnref221\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn221\">[221]<\/a>\u00a0(Georg Jacob) \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c 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href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn239\">[239]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u0634\u0627\u062e\u062a \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643: \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0634 (1342\u0647\u0640\/ 1923\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a 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href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn246\">[246]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u062f\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0635\u064a<a name=\"_ftnref247\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn247\">[247]<\/a>\u00a0(Fridrich Dieterici) \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a (\u062a339\u0647\u0640\/ 950\u0645) \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0622\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1313\u0647\u0640\/ 1895\u0645) \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u062f\u0646 (\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627) \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0631\u0642\u0645 425\/3 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0627 \u063a\u0645\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u062f\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0635\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u062f\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1308\u0647\u0640\/ 1890\u0645) \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633) \u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a<a name=\"_ftnref248\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn248\">[248]<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0647\u064a\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0646<a name=\"_ftnref249\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn249\">[249]<\/a>\u00a0(Horten (M.. \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0647\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a)<a name=\"_ftnref250\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn250\">[250]<\/a>. \u0648\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0644\u0631 \u0628\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u062f (\u062a 595\u0647\u0640\/ 1198\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643: \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (1292\u0647\u0640\/ 1875\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u062f (1303\u0647\u0640\/ 1885\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 (1294\u0647\u0640\/ 1872\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0647\u064a\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a (1324\u0647\u0640\/ 1906\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627<a name=\"_ftnref251\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn251\">[251]<\/a>\u00a0(\u062a 428\u0647\u0640) \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0621 (1325\u0647\u0640\/1907\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a (1343\u0647\u0640\/ 1924)<a name=\"_ftnref252\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn252\">[252]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0651\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0632 \u0641\u064a\u0628\u0643\u0647 (Franz Woepcke) (1242-1281\u0647\u0640\/ 1826-1864\u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0627\u062e\u060c \u0648\u0634\u062c\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0628\u0643\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0645\u0651\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 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\u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627: \u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0629<a name=\"_ftnref253\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn253\">[253]<\/a>\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647<a name=\"_ftnref254\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn254\">[254]<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0632\u0627\u062e\u0627\u0648 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0637\u0631\u0646\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a (\u062a 440\u0647\u0640\/ 1048\u0645)\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0632\u0627\u062e\u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0644\u062f (Wuestenfeld)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646<a name=\"_ftnref255\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn255\">[255]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0648\u0641<a name=\"_ftnref256\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn256\">[256]<\/a>\u00a0(Meyerhof Max) \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0628\u0647\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0632\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635 \u0628\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u063a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062d\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0642\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0641\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u063a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0651\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u064d \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a<a name=\"_ftnref257\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn257\">[257]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0646\u0632 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0634\u064a\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0634\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 (Gnosticism) \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0640\u0647 \u0645\u0640\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0647\u0640\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 (Louis Massignon)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a<a name=\"_ftnref258\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn258\">[258]<\/a>\u00a0(T. Andrae)\u060c \u0648\u0631.\u0623.\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646<a name=\"_ftnref259\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn259\">[259]<\/a>\u00a0(R. A. Nicholson)\u060c \u0641\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0623\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<a name=\"_ftnref260\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn260\">[260]<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u00ab\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 [\u0647\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a] \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 (Der ISLAM) \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1333\u0647\u0640\/ 1924\u0645) \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u0637\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u062f\u064a<a name=\"_ftnref261\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn261\">[261]<\/a>\u00a0(Tsghudi) \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1365\u0647\u0640\/ 1945\u0645). \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0634&#8230; \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u00bb<a name=\"_ftnref262\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftn262\">[262]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u064a: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: (\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u064a)\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0646\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 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2010).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062f. \u062a).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641\u060c (\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 1993).<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 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\u0635\u0628\u0631\u0647\u060c (\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c 1959).<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0648\u060c \u0631. \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u06372\u060c (\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2007).<\/li>\n<li>\u062c\u062d\u0627\u060c \u0645\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0646: \u0647\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 31\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629\u060c 1983.<\/li>\n<li>\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 2012).<\/li>\n<li>\u062f\u064a\u063a\u0627\u060c \u063a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0641\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629: \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 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\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u06371\u060c (\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2002).<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u0648\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0637\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u06372\u060c (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u060c 2001)\u061b (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2001).<\/li>\n<li>\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0646\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0644\u0628\u0643\u064a\u060c \u06375\u060c (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1968).<\/li>\n<li>\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0644\u060c \u063a\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c (\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629\u060c 1966.<\/li>\n<li>\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062c\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641\u060c \u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0647\u060c \u06371\u060c (\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0633\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2006).<\/li>\n<li>\u0643\u0648\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u060c \u06371\u060c (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2000).<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u060c \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u06371\u060c (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f. \u0645\u060c \u062f. \u062a).<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1996).<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0624\u0646\u0633\u060c \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u06371\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0621 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\u0638\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0628\u062a\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 68\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c (\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c 1997).<\/li>\n<li>\u0647\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2000).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u06357\u061b \u062c\u062d\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0635186.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn2\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a>&#8211; \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u06371\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2001)\u060c \u063558<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn3\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0639 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0649 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639. \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1996)\u060c \u0635294.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn4\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 (\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0634\u0644\u064a\u0645)\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632\u062a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c \u0628\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0633\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062b\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 (\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0634\u0644\u064a\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u062e\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0646\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a. \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u06372\u060c (\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u060c \u062f. \u0645\u060c 1988)\u060c \u063530-31.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn5\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0646\u062c\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0637 5\u060c (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2006) \u062c2\u060c \u0635340.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn6\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0630\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u060c \u06371\u060c (\u062f.\u0645\u060c \u062f. \u062a)\u060c \u0635435.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn7\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0641\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a\u0634\u0631\u060c \u06371\u060c (\u062f. \u0645\u060c 1994)\u060c \u063511.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn8\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a>&#8211; \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0644\u060c \u063a\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c (\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629\u060c 1966\u060c \u063512 .<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn9\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a>&#8211; \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0631\u063a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062b\u0631(888-953\u0647\u0640\/ 1483-1546\u0645) \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0640 95 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u0630 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062f. \u062a)\u060c \u062c3\u060c \u063518.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn10\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a>&#8211; \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f: 31\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629: 5\u060c (\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1983)\u060c \u0635190.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn11\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a>&#8211; \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0644 (Guillaume Postel) \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 (916\u0647\u0640\/ 1510\u0645)\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (941\u0647\u0640\/ 1534\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0642\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 (989\u0647\u0640\/ 1581\u0645). \u0641\u0648\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0637\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u06372\u060c (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2001)\u060c \u063548\u064050.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn12\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1978)\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u063515.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn13\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0630\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0635437.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn14\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a>&#8211; \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0633 (916-988\u0647\u0640\/ 1510- 1580\u0645): \u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u062b\u0644\u0643 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0635191.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn15\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u0635340.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn16\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref16\">[16]<\/a>&#8211; \u0641\u0627\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0633 (952-1011\u0647\u0640\/ 1545-1602): \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0644\u0647. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u062a\u0645\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0638\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0635191.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn17\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref17\">[17]<\/a>&#8211; \u0641\u0648\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0637\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u06372\u060c (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u060c 2001)\u060c \u063555.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn18\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref18\">[18]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u0635340\u0640341.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn19\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref19\">[19]<\/a>&#8211; \u062c\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633: \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0645\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0634\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 (997\u0647\u0640\/ 1588\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645\u064b\u0627 (\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627\u00a0 &#8211; \u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 &#8211;\u00a0 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1071\u0647\u0640\/ 1660\u0645) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644. \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u06373\u060c (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1993)\u060c \u0635180.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn20\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref20\">[20]<\/a>&#8211; \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0635180<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn21\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref21\">[21]<\/a>&#8211; \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0635192.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn22\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref22\">[22]<\/a>&#8211; \u0647\u0646\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 (1063-1107\u0647\u0640\/ 1652-1695\u0645): \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0647\u0646\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647: \u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0651\u0627. \u0641\u0648\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063597.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn23\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref23\">[23]<\/a>&#8211; \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0635438.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn24\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref24\">[24]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0633 (1065-1116\u0647\u0640\/ 1654-1704\u0645): \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0641\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a (\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u06461113\u0647\u0640\/ 1701\u0645). \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u060c \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u06371\u060c (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f. \u0645\u060c \u062f. \u062a)\u060c \u0635152.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn25\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref25\">[25]<\/a>&#8211; \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0635439.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn26\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref26\">[26]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u0635341.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn27\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref27\">[27]<\/a>&#8211; \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0633 (1130-1205\u0647\u0640\/ 1717-1790\u0645): \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062a\u0642\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u062a\u0646\u062c\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (1206\u0647\u0640\/ 1761\u0645) \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647: \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0635355 \u0640 356.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn28\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref28\">[28]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627: \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0635\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0639\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647\u062a\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0647\u0627. \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0634\u060c \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1985)\u060c \u0635171.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn29\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref29\">[29]<\/a>&#8211; \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0635580.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn30\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref30\">[30]<\/a>&#8211; \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0631\u064a\u0633\u0643\u0647 (1129-1188\u0647\u0640\/ 1716-1774\u0645): \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0648\u062f\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0644\u062c\u0623 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0623\u062a\u0642\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062e\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0635\u062d \u0631\u064a\u0633\u0643\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0631\u064a\u0633\u0643\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0647\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u064a\u0633\u0643\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0646\u0639\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u062f\u0646. \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0635298\u0640299\u0640300 .<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn31\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref31\">[31]<\/a>&#8211; \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0635194.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn32\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref32\">[32]<\/a>&#8211; \u0641\u0648\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0635112.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn33\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref33\">[33]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0628\u062a\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1366\u0647\u0640\/ 1946\u0645) \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0631\u0644\u0646\u063a\u0646 &#8211; \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0628\u0631\u063a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0638\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0628\u062a\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 68\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c (\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c 1997)\u060c \u0635133 \u0640 142.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn34\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref34\">[34]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063512.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn35\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref35\">[35]<\/a>&#8211; \u0641\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0645 E. Fiedhaim 1269) &#8211; 1339\u0647\u0640\/ 1852 &#8211; 1928\u0645): \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0631\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 (\u0625\u0631\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0646 1902-1928)\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0631 (\u062d\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 1922) \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u0635396.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn36\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref36\">[36]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063512 \u0640 13.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn37\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref37\">[37]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u0635343.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn38\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref38\">[38]<\/a>&#8211; \u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u062a \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u062a\u064a \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0632\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0648\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0628\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627 (1226\u0647\u0640\/ 1811\u0645)\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u062d\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0635359 \u0640 360.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn39\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref39\">[39]<\/a>&#8211; \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0633\u064a: \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0647: \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0648\u0632\u0644\u064a\u062e\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0646\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0623\u062a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 (401\u0647\u0640\/ 1010\u0645) \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0646\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c (\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2004)\u060c \u0635154 \u0640 155\u061b \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c (\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062f \u062a)\u060c \u062c3\u060c \u0635240.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn40\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref40\">[40]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063515 \u0640 17 \u0640 18 \u0640 19 .<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn41\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref41\">[41]<\/a>&#8211; \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a (604 &#8211; 672\u0647\u0640\/ 1207 &#8211; 1273\u0645): \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0647 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647: \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0646\u0648\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0644\u0628\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c \u06371\u060c ( \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1992)\u060c \u0635157-158.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn42\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref42\">[42]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u063556.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn43\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref43\">[43]<\/a>&#8211; \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646: \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a. \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0631\u062c \u0628\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a (1239\u0647\u0640\/ 1823\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 (1312\u0647\u0640\/ 1894\u0645)\u060c \u0639\u064f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1271\u0647\u0640\/ 1854\u0645) \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0645 (1881\u0647\u0640\/ 1864\u0645) \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0645 (1286\u0647\u0640\/ 1869\u0645) \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646. \u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0644\u0628\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u060c \u0635122.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn44\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref44\">[44]<\/a>&#8211; \u0647\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2000)\u060c \u063532.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn45\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref45\">[45]<\/a>&#8211; \u062c\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a: \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0631 (1268\u0647\u0640\/ 1851\u0645)\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0641\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1333\u0647\u0640\/ 1914\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u0635393\u061b \u0641\u0648\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0635254.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn46\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref46\">[46]<\/a>&#8211; \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0634\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0645\u064a: \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f)\u060c \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0644\u0628\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0635349.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn47\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref47\">[47]<\/a>&#8211; \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u063561.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn48\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref48\">[48]<\/a>&#8211; \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0634\u0631 (1216-1306\u0647\u0640\/ 1801-1888\u0645): \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0648\u062a\u0632\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0632\u064a\u062c\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u062d\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 (1242\u0647\u0640\/ 1826\u0645)\u060c \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u0635362 \u0640\u00a0 363.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn49\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref49\">[49]<\/a>&#8211; \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0627\u060c \u063a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0641\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629: \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 31\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629\u060c (\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1983)\u060c \u0635171.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn50\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref50\">[50]<\/a>&#8211; \u0647\u0646\u064a\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f (1218 \u0640 1292\u0647\u0640\/ 1803 \u0640 1875\u0645): \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0648\u062a\u0646\u063a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1247\u0647\u0640\/ 1831\u0645) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1253\u0647\u0640\/ 1837\u0645) \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0648\u062a\u0646\u063a\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1254\u0647\u0640\/ 1838\u0645) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u063a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0648\u062a\u0646\u063a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1264\u0647\u0640\/ 1848\u0645). \u0648\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1280\u0647\u0640\/ 1863\u0645) \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a. \u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1284\u0647\u0640\/ 1867\u0645) \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u0635104.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn51\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref51\">[51]<\/a>&#8211; \u062a\u064a\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0647: \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1252\u0647\u0640\/ 1836\u0645) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0637\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0631\u063a\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062a\u0646\u062c\u0646 \u0641\u064a (1270\u0647\u0640\/ 1853\u0645)\u060c \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a (1273\u0647\u0640\/ 1856\u0645) \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u062d\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u064a\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062a\u0646\u062c\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1278\u0647\u0640\/1861\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a (1281\u0647\u0640\/ 1864\u0645) \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1349\u0647\u0640\/ 1930\u0645). \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0635595 \u0640 596 \u0640 597 \u0640 598.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn52\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref52\">[52]<\/a>&#8211; \u0641\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0632\u0646 (1260-1337\u0647\u0640\/ 1844-1918\u0645): \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a \u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0647 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u0635386 \u0640 387.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn53\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref53\">[53]<\/a>&#8211; \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0635197 \u0640 198.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn54\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref54\">[54]<\/a>&#8211; \u0641\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u064a\u062c\u0631 (1273 &#8211; 1363\u0647\u0640\/ 1856 &#8211; 1943\u0645): \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 (1294\u0647\u0640\/ 1877\u0645) \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0648(\u0646\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u062f) \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0632\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0634\u062a\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1300\u0647\u0640\/ 1882\u0645) \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0630\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0635224 \u0640 225.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn55\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref55\">[55]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u063520.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn56\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref56\">[56]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u063521.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn57\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref57\">[57]<\/a>&#8211; \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 (1285 &#8211; 1379\u0647\u0640\/ 1868 &#8211; 1959\u0645) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u062c\u0639\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0648\u0628\u0634\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0651\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0648 (1310\u0647\u0640\/ 1892\u0645) \u0648\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0628\u0644 (1311\u0647\u0640\/ 1893\u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0645 \u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 (1340\u0647\u0640\/ 1921\u0645) \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1354\u0647\u0640\/ 1935\u0645) \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a. \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u063598 \u0640 101 \u0640 102 \u0640 103.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn58\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref58\">[58]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063522.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn59\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref59\">[59]<\/a>&#8211; \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u0647\u0644 (1292-1370\u0647\u0640\/ 1875-1950\u0645): \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u062a\u0633 \u0647\u0648\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0639\u062b\u0631 (\u0647\u0644) \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621) \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0635611.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn60\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref60\">[60]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063524\u064025 .<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn61\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref61\">[61]<\/a>&#8211; \u062c\u064a\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0631 j. Gildemeiser (1227-1308\u0647\u0640\/ 1812-1890\u0645)\u060c \u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0627\u063a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0642\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647: \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0635708\u0640709.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn62\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref62\">[62]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0635344 \u0640 345.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn63\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref63\">[63]<\/a>&#8211; \u0641\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u00a0 (1239 \/Wilhelm Ahwardt -1327\u0647\u0640\/ 1828-1909\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0651\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629: \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0633\u0641\u0627\u0644\u062f (Greihsald) \u0628\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0642\u0636\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0633 (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628. \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0643\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u06375\u060c (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1980)\u060c \u062c5\u060c \u0635156.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn64\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref64\">[64]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u063516\u064017.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn65\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref65\">[65]<\/a>&#8211; \u062a\u064a\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u0646\u0643\u0631\u00a0 (Theodor zenker): \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u062a\u0633\u0643 \u0639\u064a\u0634\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0641\u0627\u0643\u0648 (1302\u0647\u0640\/ 1884\u0645)\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647: \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a &#8211;\u00a0 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0640\u00a0 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a. \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0635330.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn66\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref66\">[66]<\/a>&#8211; \u0641\u0648\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0635256.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn67\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref67\">[67]<\/a>&#8211; \u0647\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u063550.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn68\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref68\">[68]<\/a>&#8211; \u0647\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u063550\u064051.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn69\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref69\">[69]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u0635379\u0640380.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn70\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref70\">[70]<\/a>&#8211; \u0641\u0648\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0635227.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn71\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref71\">[71]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u0635425.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn72\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref72\">[72]<\/a>&#8211; \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 2012)\u060c \u0635270.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn73\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref73\">[73]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u06371\u060c (\u0645\u0643\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1984)\u060c \u0635260.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn74\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref74\">[74]<\/a>&#8211; \u0647\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u063516 \u0640 17.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn75\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref75\">[75]<\/a>&#8211; \u0647\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631 (1310-1391\u0647\u0640\/ 1892- 1971\u0645): \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 (1337\u0647\u0640\/ 1918\u0645) \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1369\u0647\u0640\/ 1949\u0645) \u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647: \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645: \u062f\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a (1338\u0647\u0640\/ 1919\u0645) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0648\u0629 (1339\u0647\u0640\/ 1920\u0645) \u0623\u0630\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0646 (1343\u0647\u0640\/ 1924\u0645)&#8230; \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 (1376\u0647\u0640\/ 1956\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0630\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0637 (\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a 1957)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 (1383\u0647\u0640\/ 1963\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u0635460\u0640461\u0640462.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn76\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref76\">[76]<\/a>&#8211; \u062c\u062d\u0627\u060c \u0645\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0646: \u0647\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 31\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629\u060c 1983\u060c \u0635338 \u0640 339 \u0640 340.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn77\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref77\">[77]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062c1 \u060c \u0635185.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn78\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref78\">[78]<\/a>&#8211; \u0631\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0627 (1284-1369\u0647\u0640\/1867-1949\u0645): \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0643\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u0630 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635421 \u0640 422.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn79\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref79\">[79]<\/a>&#8211; \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633: \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0628\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0623\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0621\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647. \u0627. \u0633. \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u06371\u060c (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2005)\u060c \u0635120.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn80\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref80\">[80]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641: \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0642\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u063a \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062d\u0637\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 (488\u0647\u0640\/ 1095\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0646\u0632\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0647\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621\u060c \u06371\u060c (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u060c \u062c\u062f\u0629\u060c 1998)\u060c \u062c3\u060c \u06351448-1449.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn81\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref81\">[81]<\/a>&#8211; \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0635289.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn82\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref82\">[82]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u064a\u0646\u0648 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 (1292-1378\u0647\u0640\/ 1875-1958\u0645): \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u063a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0634\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 550 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u0635438.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn83\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref83\">[83]<\/a>&#8211; \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0635512 \u0640 513.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn84\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref84\">[84]<\/a>&#8211; \u0623\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0645: \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0628\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0624\u0646\u0633\u060c \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u06371\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1987)\u060c \u0635379.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn85\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref85\">[85]<\/a>&#8211; \u0647\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u063543.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn86\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref86\">[86]<\/a>&#8211; \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0633 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642. \u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a \u0625\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 472 \u0642.\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0630\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0642\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0642.\u0645 . Wikipedia \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn87\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref87\">[87]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u0635177.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn88\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref88\">[88]<\/a>&#8211; \u0641\u064a\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0633\u062a Fiescher, Augst (1282-1369\u0647\u0640\/ 1865-1949\u0645): \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u062d\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0632\u064a\u062c (1351\u0647\u0640\/ 1932\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647: \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a \u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u0635415.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn89\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref89\">[89]<\/a>&#8211; \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0643\u0631: \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1293\u0647\u0640\/ 1876\u0645) \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0636\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0643\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1317\u0647\u0640\/ 1899\u0645)\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0630\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646. \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0635113 \u0640 114.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn90\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref90\">[90]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0630\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0635491.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn91\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref91\">[91]<\/a>&#8211; \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0646 \u0646\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0631 Garsten Niebuhr (1146-1231\u0647\u0640\/ 1733-1815\u0645): \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0646\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u060c \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0643\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062c5\u060c \u0635211.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn92\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref92\">[92]<\/a>&#8211; \u0632\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0646 Ulrich Seetzen 1181) -1226\u0647\u0640\/ 1767-1811\u0645): \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u064a (1226\u0647\u0640\/ 1811\u0645) \u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647: \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u0649. \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0635331.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn93\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref93\">[93]<\/a>&#8211; \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0643\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a: \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0621 (1226\u0647\u0640\/ 1811\u0645) \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627: \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (1245\u0647\u0640\/ 1829\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u062d\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c3\u060c \u0635344.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn94\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref94\">[94]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u063579 \u0640 92.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn95\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref95\">[95]<\/a>&#8211; \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0633: \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1353\u0647\u0640\/ 1934\u0645)\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a. \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0632\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0643\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u062c\u062d\u0627\u060c \u0645\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629: \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 32\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 5\u060c 1983\u060c \u0635188.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn96\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref96\">[96]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u063535.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn97\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref97\">[97]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u063513.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn98\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref98\">[98]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u063580.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn99\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref99\">[99]<\/a>&#8211; \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062c\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641\u060c \u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0647\u060c \u06371\u060c (\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0633\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2006)\u060c \u063598\u064099.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn100\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref100\">[100]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u063529.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn101\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref101\">[101]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0635369.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn102\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref102\">[102]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641\u060c (\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 1993)\u060c \u06357.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn103\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref103\">[103]<\/a>&#8211; \u0631\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u064a: \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a)\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a \u0628\u062a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629. \u0641\u0648\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u063557.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn104\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref104\">[104]<\/a>&#8211; \u0641\u0648\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u063557.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn105\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref105\">[105]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u063516.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn106\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref106\">[106]<\/a>&#8211; \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0635102\u0640103\u0640104.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn107\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref107\">[107]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u063530.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn108\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref108\">[108]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Empiria) \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0645: \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0643 (1042-1116\u0647\u0640\/ 1632-1704\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0645 (1123-1190\u0647\u0640\/ 1711-1776\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a (1221-1290\u0647\u0640\/ 1806-1873\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062f. \u062a)\u060c \u0635149\u0640150.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn109\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref109\">[109]<\/a>&#8211; \u064a\u0632\u0639\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0635\u060c \u064a\u063a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0632 (1056-1129\u0647\u0640\/ 1646-1716\u0645) \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0632 \u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0632\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0635418.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn110\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref110\">[110]<\/a>&#8211; \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0643 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u0648 (1124-1193\u0647\u0640\/ 1712-1779\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0650\u0645\u064f\u0647\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0637\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639. \u0622\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646. \u062c. \u0648\u064a\u062f\u062c\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u062c\u0627\u0648\u064a\u062f\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c 1996)\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u063535.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn111\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref111\">[111]<\/a>&#8211; \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0643\u0648\u060c (\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c 1997)\u060c \u063525.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn112\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref112\">[112]<\/a>&#8211; \u0643\u0648\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u060c \u06371\u060c (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2000)\u060c \u0635108.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn113\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref113\">[113]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c3\u060c \u0635598.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn114\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref114\">[114]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 3\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1994)\u060c \u063527.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn115\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref115\">[115]<\/a>&#8211; \u064a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a (1260-1354\u0647\u0640\/ 1844-1935\u0645) \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1345\u0647\u0640\/ 1926\u0645)\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629. \u0639\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0647\u060c \u06371\u060c (\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2008)\u060c \u063534.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn116\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref116\">[116]<\/a>&#8211; \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0634\u0644\u064a\u062c\u0644 Friedrich Schlegel 1186)-1245\u0647\u0640\/ 1772-1829\u0645): \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0644\u0628\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0635161.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn117\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref117\">[117]<\/a>&#8211; \u0631 . \u0647\u0640 . \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0632\u060c \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628)\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0648\u0636\u060c (\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 227\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c 1997)\u060c \u0635246.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn118\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref118\">[118]<\/a>&#8211; \u0639\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063540.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn119\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref119\">[119]<\/a>&#8211; \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0644\u0631 1239) Max Muller-1318\u0647\u0640\/ 1823-1900\u0645): \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a (\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u062a\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0634\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u064a (\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647\u0627: (\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0627). \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0643\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062c5\u060c \u0635145.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn120\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref120\">[120]<\/a>&#8211; \u0639\u0648\u0636\u060c \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c (\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u060c 2006)\u060c \u0635117\u0640118.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn121\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref121\">[121]<\/a>&#8211; \u0639\u0648\u0636\u060c \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0635119.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn122\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref122\">[122]<\/a>&#8211; \u0639\u0648\u0636\u060c \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0635137\u0640140.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn123\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref123\">[123]<\/a>&#8211; \u0647\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u063529.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn124\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref124\">[124]<\/a>&#8211; \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0635\u0651 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u062f \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c: \u0628\u0646\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0628\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645(\u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645) \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u0644\u060c \u06371\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2005)\u060c \u063536\u064037.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn125\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref125\">[125]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u0644\u060c \u063539\u064040\u064041.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn126\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref126\">[126]<\/a>&#8211; \u0641\u0648\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0635325.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn127\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref127\">[127]<\/a>&#8211; \u0641\u0648\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0635122\u0640123.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn128\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref128\">[128]<\/a>&#8211; \u0633\u0644\u0641\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u062f\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a Silvestre De sacy (1172 &#8211; 1254\u0647\u0640\/ 1758 &#8211; 1838\u0645): \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0636\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 (1210\u0647\u0640\/ 1795\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1230\u0647\u0640\/ 1814\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0645\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0643\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u063526.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn129\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref129\">[129]<\/a>&#8211; \u0639\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0635314.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn130\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref130\">[130]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u063525\u064026.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn131\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref131\">[131]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0635382.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn132\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref132\">[132]<\/a>&#8211; \u0631\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 Reichard Hhartman: \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1299\u0647\u0640\/ 1881\u0645)\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0627\u064a\u0628\u0632\u064a\u063a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0631\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0648\u062a\u0646\u063a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u0635175.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn133\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref133\">[133]<\/a>&#8211; \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0647 Paul Kahle 1292) &#8211; 1384\u0647\u0640\/ 1875 &#8211; 1964\u0645): \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u060c \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1312\u0647\u0640\/ 1894\u0645)\u060c \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1316\u0647\u0640\/ 1898\u0645) \u0628\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627: \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a (1379\u0647\u0640\/ 1959\u0645). \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0635452 \u0640 453 \u0640 454.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn134\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref134\">[134]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u063537.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn135\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref135\">[135]<\/a>&#8211; \u0645.\u0646\u060c \u063519.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn136\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref136\">[136]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0625\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0639 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631: \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0651\u0648\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0645\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a. \u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0648\u060c \u0631. \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u06372\u060c (\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2007)\u060c \u0635131.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn137\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref137\">[137]<\/a>&#8211; \u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062f\u0644\u062a\u0627\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1329\u0647\u0640\/ 1911\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1355\u0647\u0640\/ 1936\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1339\u0647\u0640\/ 1920\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627: \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062f\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0648 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1372\u0647\u0640\/ 1952\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a \u0625\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1375\u0647\u0640\/ 1955\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1362\u0647\u0640\/ 1943\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627: \u0631\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0622\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1404\u0647\u0640\/ 1983\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1398\u0647\u0640\/ 1977\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u064a\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u060c \u06371\u060c ( \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c 2003)\u060c \u063559.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn138\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref138\">[138]<\/a>&#8211; \u064a\u0632\u0628\u0643\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u060c \u06371\u060c (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062f. \u062a)\u060c \u063530.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn139\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref139\">[139]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u063560.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn140\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref140\">[140]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u063597\u064098\u064099.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn141\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref141\">[141]<\/a>&#8211; \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1348\u0647\u0640\/ 1929\u0645) \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u062e (1293-1364\u0647\u0640\/ 1886-1944\u0645) \u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0625\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0628\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0647\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0640 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u062e \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1364\u0647\u0640\/ 1944\u0645)\u060c \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u062b\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0647\u0627. \u0643\u0648\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0635163.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn142\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref142\">[142]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a: \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u062a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a (1213-1274\u0647\u0640\/ 1798-1857\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 (969-1036\u0647\u0640\/ 1561-1626\u0645) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0635430.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn143\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref143\">[143]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u063553 \u0640 55<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn144\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref144\">[144]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u060c \u06375\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2006\u060c \u063578.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn145\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref145\">[145]<\/a>&#8211; \u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0635134.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn146\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref146\">[146]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u06356.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn147\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref147\">[147]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u0635383.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn148\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref148\">[148]<\/a>&#8211; \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0642\u0634\u0628\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0632\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 21\u064022\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 7\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2007)\u060c \u0635136.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn149\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref149\">[149]<\/a>&#8211; \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0631 (1106-1192\u0647\u0640\/ 1694-1778\u0645): \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0644\u0647: \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633 1730\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0631 (1145\u0647\u0640\/ 1732\u0645). \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0634\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629. \u0635471\u0640472.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn150\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref150\">[150]<\/a>&#8211; \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0629: \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0628\u064a\u0646 (1210\u0647\u0640\/ 1795\u0645 \u06481304\u0647\u0640\/ 1886\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644: (\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0642\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u0635176\u061b \u0645\u0624\u0646\u0633\u060c \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1984)\u060c \u063579.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn151\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref151\">[151]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u0635352\u0640353.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn152\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref152\">[152]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u0635354.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn153\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref153\">[153]<\/a>&#8211; \u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0635136.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn154\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref154\">[154]<\/a>&#8211; \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1320\u0647\u0640\/ 1902\u0645) \u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1356\u0647\u0640\/ 1937\u0645) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1365\u0647\u0640\/ 1945\u0645)\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1353\u0647\u0640\/ 1934\u0645)\u060c \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0630\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0647 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0648\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1364\u0647\u0640\/ 1944\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0647\u064a\u062c\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0635132\u0640133.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn155\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref155\">[155]<\/a>&#8211; \u0628\u0648\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0635\u0628\u0631\u0647\u060c (\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c 1959)\u060c \u063525.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn156\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref156\">[156]<\/a>&#8211; \u0628\u0648\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u060c \u0635146.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn157\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref157\">[157]<\/a>&#8211; \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0630\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 (\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0645) \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062c\u062f \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u0637 \u062d\u0644\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0635181\u0640182\u0640183.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn158\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref158\">[158]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u063561.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn159\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref159\">[159]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u0635121.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn160\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref160\">[160]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u060c \u063593.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn161\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref161\">[161]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0646\u062c\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u06375\u060c (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2006)\u060c \u062c3\u060c \u0635252.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn162\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref162\">[162]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0630\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u060c \u06371\u060c (\u062f.\u0645\u060c \u062f. \u062a)\u060c \u0635456\u0640457.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn163\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref163\">[163]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0631\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u063514.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn164\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref164\">[164]<\/a>&#8211; \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0634\u0631 (1216-1306\u0647\u0640\/ 1801-1888\u0645): \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0648\u062a\u0632\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0632\u064a\u062c\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u062d\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 (1242\u0647\u0640\/ 1826\u0645)\u060c \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u0635362\u0640363.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn165\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref165\">[165]<\/a>&#8211; \u062a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a (766-845\u0647\u0640\/ 1365-1441\u0645): \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0638 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0644\u0628\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c \u06371\u060c (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1992)\u060c \u0635340.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn166\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref166\">[166]<\/a>&#8211; \u0641\u0648\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0637\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u06372\u060c (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2001 )\u060c \u0635171\u0640172.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn167\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref167\">[167]<\/a>&#8211; \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0643 (1253-1308\u0647\u0640\/ 1837-1890\u0645): \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u062a\u064a \u0647\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a \u0648\u0647\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647: \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0645\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0635\u0628\u0627\u063a \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0634\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0634\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a(\u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u0635382.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn168\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref168\">[168]<\/a>&#8211; \u0641\u0648\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0635252.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn169\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref169\">[169]<\/a>&#8211; \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0644\u062f Heinrich Ewhald (1218-1292\u0647\u0640\/ 1803-1875\u0645): \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0631\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0648\u062a\u0646\u063a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0648\u062a\u0646\u063a\u0646 (1247\u0647\u0640\/ 1831\u0645-1253\u0647\u0640\/ 1837\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1254\u0647\u0640\/ 1838\u0645) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u063a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u063a\u0648\u062a\u0646\u063a\u0646 (1265\u0647\u0640\/ 1848\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1280\u0647\u0640\/ 1863\u0645) \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a. \u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1284\u0647\u0640\/ 1867\u0645) \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u0635104.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn170\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref170\">[170]<\/a>&#8211; \u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a Gaspari, K.P. (1230-1310\u0647\u0640\/ 1814-1892\u0645): \u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 &#8211; \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0644\u0648\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647: (\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0646\u0648\u062c\u064a) \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0634\u0631 (\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0632\u064a\u062c 1254\u0647\u0640\/ 1838\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0647 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u06373\u060c (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c 1964)\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u0635709.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn171\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref171\">[171]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0648\u0643\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0644\u0631 (1265-1310\u0647\u0640\/ 1848-1892\u0645): \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0644\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0632\u064a\u062c\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u062d\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 (\u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062f 1887)\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0637\u064a 1865\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646\u062e 1875)\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u0635393\u0640394.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn172\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref172\">[172]<\/a>&#8211; \u063a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0644 Gustav Fluegel (1217-1287\u0647\u0640\/ 1802-1870\u0645): \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1237\u0647\u0640\/ 1821\u0645) \u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u062a\u0633\u0643 \u0648\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1243\u0647\u0640\/ 1827\u0645) \u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1245\u0647\u0640\/ 1829\u0645) \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647: \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u06373\u060c (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1993)\u060c \u0635411\u0640412.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn173\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref173\">[173]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c3\u060c \u0635442.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn174\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref174\">[174]<\/a>&#8211; \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0641\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a\u0634\u0631: \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0646 &#8211; \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0628\u0631\u063a \u0628\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0642\u0631\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064b\u0627: (\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0647\u0627\u0646\u0632 \u0641\u064a\u0631 Hans Wehr \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1367\u0647\u0640\/ 1947\u0645)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 (1373\u0647\u0640\/ 1953\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062a). \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0641\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a\u0634\u0631\u060c \u06371\u060c 1994\u060c \u0635367\u0640368.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn175\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref175\">[175]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0635393.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn176\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref176\">[176]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0635396\u0640397.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn177\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref177\">[177]<\/a>&#8211; \u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0646 (1260 Socin, A.-1317\u0647\u0640\/ 1844-1899\u0645): \u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0632\u064a\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0632 \u0644\u0642\u0628 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0628\u0630\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (1284\u0647\u0640\/ 1867\u0645)\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 (1868 &#8211; 1870 &#8211; 1873\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0639\u064f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u063a\u064a\u0646 (1873\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0632\u064a\u062c (1890\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c3\u060c \u063512.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn178\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref178\">[178]<\/a>&#8211; \u0639\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c (\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1996)\u060c \u0635295\u0640322.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn179\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref179\">[179]<\/a>&#8211; \u0639\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0635323.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn180\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref180\">[180]<\/a>&#8211; \u0641\u0648\u0641\u0644\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u06371\u060c (\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2002)\u060c \u063576.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn181\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref181\">[181]<\/a>&#8211; \u0647\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2000)\u060c \u063579.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn182\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref182\">[182]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1978)\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u0635116\u0640117.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn183\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref183\">[183]<\/a>&#8211; \u0646\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0647\u060c \u062a\u064a\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u062a\u0627\u0645\u0631\u060c \u06371\u060c (\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2004)\u060c \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u060c \u0635xvi.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn184\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref184\">[184]<\/a>&#8211; \u0646\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u060c \u06351\u060c 233\u060c 435.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn185\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref185\">[185]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u06371\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2002\u060c \u0635344\u0640345.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn186\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref186\">[186]<\/a>&#8211; \u0628\u0631\u062c\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0631 Gotthelf Bergstrasser 1304)-1352\u0647\u0640\/ 1886-1933\u0645): \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0632\u0643\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0632\u064a\u062c (1322\u0647\u0640\/ 1904\u0645) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0647 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 (1350-1351\u0647\u0640\/ 1931-1932\u0645) \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647: \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 (1334\u0647\u0640\/ 1915\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 (1338\u0647\u0640\/ 1919\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0641\u0631 1343\u0647\u0640\/ 1924\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0635450-451.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn187\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref187\">[187]<\/a>&#8211; \u0623\u0648\u062a\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0644 Otto Pretzl: \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646\u062e (1311\u0647\u0640\/ 1893\u0645)\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0645\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u062c\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0631 \u0643\u064f\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647: (\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644)\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629) \u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u063582\u064083.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn188\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref188\">[188]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 (329-392\u0647\u0640\/ 941-1002\u0645): \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0631\u062d \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0628\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0644\u0628\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c \u06371\u060c (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1992)\u060c \u063520.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn189\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref189\">[189]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u06359.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn190\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref190\">[190]<\/a>&#8211; \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u063586\u064087.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn191\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref191\">[191]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0631\u062c\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0631 \u0648\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 22\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c 2010)\u060c \u0635133\u0640134.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn192\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref192\">[192]<\/a>&#8211; \u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a -1318) Paret Rudi1400\u0647\u0640\/ 1900-1982\u0645) \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u062c\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u064a\u0646\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0631\u063a \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1248\u0647\u0640\/ 1939\u0645)\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1371\u0647\u0640\/ 1951\u0645) \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u062c\u0646\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1388\u0647\u0640\/ 1968\u0645). \u062c\u062d\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0646: \u0647\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 31\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629\u060c 1983\u060c \u0635343\u0640344.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn193\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref193\">[193]<\/a>&#8211; \u062c\u062d\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0635345.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn194\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref194\">[194]<\/a>&#8211; \u062c\u062d\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0635346.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn195\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref195\">[195]<\/a>&#8211; \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u062d\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f(\u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645) \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0632\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0644\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a) \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0636\u062e\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0637\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f(\u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u062a\u0647\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062c\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0633\u062d\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0636\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642. \u0633\u0648\u0630\u0631\u0646\u060c \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0631\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u060c \u06372\u060c (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2006)\u060c \u063567.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn196\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref196\">[196]<\/a>&#8211; \u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0626\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u06371\u060c (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2011)\u060c \u0635139\u0640140.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn197\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref197\">[197]<\/a>&#8211; \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645 (1263-1361\u0647\u0640\/ 1846-1942): \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 1923\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 1923\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647: \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0634\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 1907 \u06481912\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 1914\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a 1923) \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0629 1906)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 1910\u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u0635414.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn198\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref198\">[198]<\/a>&#8211; \u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0635150.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn199\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref199\">[199]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0635306.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn200\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref200\">[200]<\/a>&#8211; \u0633\u0628\u0631\u0646\u062c\u0631 (1228-1311\u0647\u0640\/ 1813-1893\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (1301\u0647\u0640\/ 1883\u0645) \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u062f\u0646 (1360\u0647\u0640\/ 1941\u0645)\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 (\u0628\u062a\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u060c1257\u0647\u0640\/ 1841\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0631\u0642\u0646\u062f\u064a (\u0643\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627 1262\u0647\u0640\/ 1845\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f(\u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645) \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0622\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0647. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u062c2\u060c \u0635277-278.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn201\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref201\">[201]<\/a>&#8211; \u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0635144\u0640145.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn202\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref202\">[202]<\/a>&#8211; \u063a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u0627\u064a\u0644: \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1223\u0647\u0640\/ 1808\u0645) \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0633) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062c\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647: \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u0645\u062e\u0634\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0635390\u0640391.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn203\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref203\">[203]<\/a>&#8211; \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u064a\u0631 sir William muir (1235-1323\u0647\u0640\/ 1819-1905\u0645): \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0627\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0636\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1253\u0647\u0640\/ 1837\u0645) \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0646\u0628\u0631\u063a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0644\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u064a\u062f\u0646\u0628\u0631\u062c\u060c \u0644\u0647: \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0643\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062c8\u060c \u0635124.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn204\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref204\">[204]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u063522.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn205\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref205\">[205]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0641\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647(\u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u060c \u0644\u0647 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 213\u0647\u0640\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u060c (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1994)\u060c \u0635177.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn206\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref206\">[206]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u0631\u064a: \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a (966\u0647\u0640\/ 1559\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0643\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u0635256.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn207\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref207\">[207]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u063520.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn208\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref208\">[208]<\/a>&#8211; \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f(\u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a\u060c \u06371\u060c (\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2011)\u060c \u063549.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn209\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref209\">[209]<\/a>&#8211; \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0644\u062f\u00a0 Heinrich Wuestenfeld (1223-1317\u0647\u0640\/ 1808-1899\u0645): \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1243\u0647\u0640\/ 1827\u0645)\u060c \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u062a\u0646\u062c\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0644\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0651\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627: (\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629) \u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0627\u0621 (1251\u0647\u0640\/ 1835\u0645)\u060c \u0648(\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0628) \u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a \u0633\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648(\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646)\u060c \u0648(\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0630\u062a\u0647\u0627)\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0635399.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn210\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref210\">[210]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c3\u060c \u0635543.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn211\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref211\">[211]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 1\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1\u060c (\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646\u060c 1999)\u060c \u0635107.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn212\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref212\">[212]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635112.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn213\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref213\">[213]<\/a>&#8211; \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0644\u060c \u063a\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c (\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629\u060c 1966\u060c \u063514\u064015.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn214\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref214\">[214]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u063519<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn215\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref215\">[215]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u063520.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn216\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref216\">[216]<\/a>&#8211; \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0649 (1358\u0647\u0640\/ 1939\u0645) \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1363\u0647\u0640\/ 1943\u0645) \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1367\u0647\u0640\/ 1947\u0645) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0635104.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn217\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref217\">[217]<\/a>&#8211; \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0646\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0644\u0628\u0643\u064a\u060c \u06375\u060c (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1968)\u060c \u06358.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn218\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref218\">[218]<\/a>&#8211; \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0646\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0644\u0628\u0643\u064a\u060c \u06375\u060c (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1968) \u06355\u06406.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn219\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref219\">[219]<\/a>&#8211; \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u063521.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn220\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref220\">[220]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u0635418\u0640419.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn221\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref221\">[221]<\/a>&#8211; \u064a\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0631\u062c (1279 &#8211; 1356\u0647\u0640\/ 1862 &#8211; 1937\u0645): \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0646\u062c\u0632\u0628\u0631\u062c\u060c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u062a\u0633\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0630\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0647 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0635627 \u0640 692 \u0640 630.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn222\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref222\">[222]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u0635126.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn223\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref223\">[223]<\/a>&#8211; \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0632\u0646\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062c &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c (\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1958)\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn224\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref224\">[224]<\/a>&#8211; \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0632\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u06372\u060c (\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1968)\u060c \u0635 \u062a \u0640\u00a0 \u062b.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn225\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref225\">[225]<\/a>&#8211; \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0635409.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn226\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref226\">[226]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u0635110.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn227\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref227\">[227]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u0635112.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn228\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref228\">[228]<\/a>&#8211; \u0641\u0648\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649) \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c 1998)\u060c \u0635236\u0640242\u0640243.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn229\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref229\">[229]<\/a>&#8211; \u0641\u0648\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0635249.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn230\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref230\">[230]<\/a>&#8211; \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a (1237-1282\u0647\u0640\/ 1821-1865\u0645): \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0637\u0628\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 (\u062c\u0648\u062a\u0646\u062c\u0646 1875 \u0640 1859). \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u0635373.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn231\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref231\">[231]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u063543.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn232\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref232\">[232]<\/a>&#8211; \u0645.\u0646\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u063545 \u0640 46.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn233\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref233\">[233]<\/a>&#8211; \u0645.\u0646\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u063549.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn234\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref234\">[234]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u063591.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn235\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref235\">[235]<\/a>&#8211; \u0622\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0632 Adam Mez 1286)-1336\u0647\u0640\/ 1869-1917\u0645): \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062c\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 (\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645) \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u060c. \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0635544.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn236\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref236\">[236]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0631 Kremer Alfred, Von 1244)-1307\u0647\u0640\/ 1828-1889\u0645) \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0642\u0646\u0635\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a 1870\u060c \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647: \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627 1852\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 (\u0643\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627 1855 \u0640 1856\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 1888)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u0635278\u0640279.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn237\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref237\">[237]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u063565.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn238\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref238\">[238]<\/a>&#8211; \u0647\u0631\u062c\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0647 (1274-1355\u0647\u0640\/ 1857-1936\u0645) \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0641 1874\u0645 \u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u062f\u0646\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u063a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 (\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0629)\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647: \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0623\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0622\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627. \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635353\u0640354.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn239\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref239\">[239]<\/a>&#8211; \u0641\u0648\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0635344\u0640345.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn240\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref240\">[240]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c3\u060c \u0635417.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn241\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref241\">[241]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c3\u060c \u0635565.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn242\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref242\">[242]<\/a>&#8211; \u063a\u0631\u0646\u0648\u062a \u0631\u0648\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u063a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0627\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 32\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u060c 1983\u060c \u0635176.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn243\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref243\">[243]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u0635148.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn244\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref244\">[244]<\/a>&#8211; \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a: \u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644 \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a (\u062a 1089\u0647\u0640\/ 1678\u0645)\u060c \u0644\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0643\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u0635321.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn245\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref245\">[245]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 6\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 4\u060c (\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c 1977)\u060c \u0635118\u0640119\u0640120\u0640123.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn246\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref246\">[246]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635150.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn247\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref247\">[247]<\/a>&#8211; \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u062f\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0635\u064a (1238-1321\u0647\u0640\/ 1821-1903\u0645): \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u062a\u064a \u0647\u0644\u0651\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0631\u0633 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1264\u0647\u0640\/ 1847\u0645) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 (\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0643 1264\u0647\u0640\/ 1847\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0625\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627 (\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0643 1304\u0647\u0640\/ 1886\u0647\u0640)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648(\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0645) \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0635269\u0640270.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn248\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref248\">[248]<\/a>&#8211; \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f1\u060c (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 1987)\u060c \u0635112.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn249\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref249\">[249]<\/a>&#8211; \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0647\u064a\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0646 (1291 &#8211; 1365\u0647\u0640\/1874 &#8211; 1945\u0645): \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u062a\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0636\u0644\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647 : \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a (\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0631 1906) \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627 (\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0632\u064a\u062c 1907)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u062f (\u0647\u0627\u0644\u0647 1912)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u0635436.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn250\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref250\">[250]<\/a>&#8211; \u0641\u0648\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0635341.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn251\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref251\">[251]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (370\u0647\u0640\/ 980\u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062a\u0642\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u060c \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627: \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (428\u0647\u0640\/ 1036\u0645). \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u0635133\u0640134\u0640136\u0640138.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn252\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref252\">[252]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c\u062c3\u060c \u0635570.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn253\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref253\">[253]<\/a>&#8211; \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0628\u064a: \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u060c (\u062a365\u0647\u0640\/ 975\u0645)\u060c \u0644\u0647: \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0626\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0627\u0642\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0628\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u060c \u06371\u060c (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1993)\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u0635772\u0640773.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn254\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref254\">[254]<\/a>&#8211; \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0635421\u0640422.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn255\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref255\">[255]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c3\u060c \u0635483.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn256\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref256\">[256]<\/a>&#8211; \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0648\u0641: \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0644\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0645 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1291\u0647\u0640\/ 1874\u0645)\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0631\u063a \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0648\u063a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0635\u062d\u0628 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1318\u0647\u0640\/ 1900\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635 \u0628\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647: \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062d\u0642\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1365\u0647\u0640\/ 1945\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u06373\u060c \u0635766.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn257\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref257\">[257]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u0635141 \u0640 142 \u0640 143.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn258\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref258\">[258]<\/a>&#8211; \u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a (1303 &#8211; 1367\u0647\u0640\/ 1885 &#8211; 1947\u0645): \u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0633\u0642\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u062c \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1355\u0647\u0640\/ 1936\u0645)\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0637\u0644\u064a\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644(\u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0635175.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn259\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref259\">[259]<\/a>&#8211; \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646 (1285 &#8211; 1365\u0647\u0640\/ 1868 &#8211; 1945\u0645): \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1348\u0647\u0640\/ 1929\u0645) \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062f\u062c\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0635175.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn260\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref260\">[260]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0635168.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn261\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref261\">[261]<\/a>&#8211; \u0631\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u062f\u064a (1302-1380\u0647\u0640\/ 1884-1960\u0645): \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062c \u062b\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644 (1922\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0635\u0646\u0641\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 (\u0628\u0627\u0644 &#8211; \u0641\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u0646 1954\u0645)\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647: \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f (\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062c 1914\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 (1933\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c3\u060c \u063518-19.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn262\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref262\">[262]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0635186.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn263\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref263\">[263]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 1\u060c \u063577 \u0640 78.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn264\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref264\">[264]<\/a>&#8211; \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a (446-516\u0647\u0640\/ 1054-1122\u0645): \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0643\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647: \u062f\u064f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0644\u0628\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f. \u0635170.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn265\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref265\">[265]<\/a>&#8211; \u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a (611-691\u0647\u0640\/ 1213-1292\u0645): \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0641\u0627\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0639\u0628\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647: (\u0628\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646) \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648(\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646) \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0644\u0628\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0635237.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn266\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref266\">[266]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0635374\u0640375.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn267\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=497#_ftnref267\">[267]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u06358.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0650\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0650\u0651\u0645\u0629: \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0647 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u064b \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u064f\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1378,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[33],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1377","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-33"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/khitabdelta.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1377","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/khitabdelta.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/khitabdelta.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/khitabdelta.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/khitabdelta.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1377"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/khitabdelta.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1377\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1379,"href":"https:\/\/khitabdelta.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1377\/revisions\/1379"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/khitabdelta.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1378"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/khitabdelta.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1377"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/khitabdelta.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1377"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/khitabdelta.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1377"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}