{"id":2325,"date":"2025-01-24T14:13:50","date_gmt":"2025-01-24T12:13:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/khitabdelta.com\/?p=2325"},"modified":"2025-01-24T14:13:50","modified_gmt":"2025-01-24T12:13:50","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d9%85%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%b2%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%85-%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%a7-%d8%ab%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/khitabdelta.com\/?p=2325","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629: \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629&#8221;"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>&#8220;<\/strong><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629: \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/strong><strong>&#8220;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0644\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629: \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629&#8221; (La Barbarie: Temps de Science sans Culture) \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>1.1. <\/strong><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649. \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 (1914-1918) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (1939-1945) \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.2. <\/strong><strong>\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0639 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0635\u062d\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u062a\u062c\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628. \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>2.1. <\/strong><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a. \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0643\u0632\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2.2. <\/strong><strong>\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0648\u0633\u0631\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u062f\u063a\u0631. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>3.1. <\/strong><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u0642\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3.2. <\/strong><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0639 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 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\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a.&#8221;**<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&#8211; \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0641\u0631\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>**&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627.&#8221;**<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&#8211; \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064e\u0633 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>** \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>**\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a**:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0634\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>** <\/strong><strong>\u0646\u0628\u0630\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a(1922-2002) \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u060c \u0648\u064f\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a 10 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1922 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0646\u063a\u060c \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643). \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1929\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647.<\/p>\n<p><strong>* <\/strong><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u0636\u0649 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0629. \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1943\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0632\u0627. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>* <\/strong><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1945. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0648\u0633\u0631\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u062f\u063a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>* <\/strong><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0643\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1960 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1982. \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0631\u0633 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>* <\/strong><strong>\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; **&#8221;\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633&#8221; (1976)**: \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; **&#8221;\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a&#8221; (1985)**: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; **&#8221;\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a&#8221; (1988)**: \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; **&#8221;\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629&#8221; (1996)**: \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; **&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0633\u062f&#8221; (2000)**: 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