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\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c 1961\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u062f\u0649 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0647\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c 1993\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0633\u0648\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629.. \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u060c\u00a0 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c 5\/ 108\u060c 109.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0631\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631\u060c 1978\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0632\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c 1383\u0647\u0640\/ 1964\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=625#_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>[*]- \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0640 \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn2\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=625#_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a>&#8211; \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u062d\u0649\u060c \u063539.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn3\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=625#_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a>&#8211; \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn4\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=625#_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629.. \u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u061f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/www.arabiclanguageic.org\/print_page.php?id=12385<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn5\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=625#_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn6\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=625#_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u062f\u0649 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0647\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c 1993\u0645\u060c \u0635213.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn7\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=625#_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u062f\u0649 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0635213.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn8\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=625#_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a>&#8211; \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 3\u060c \u063532.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn9\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=625#_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a>&#8211; \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u062d\u0649 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 &#8211; \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u060c 1402\u0647\u0640\/ 1982\u0645\u060c \u0635187.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn10\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=625#_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a>&#8211; \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u062e\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u062d\u0649\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c 1961\u0645\u060c \u063597.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn11\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=625#_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u2013 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646\u060c \u063529-32.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn12\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=625#_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u063589.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn13\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=625#_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a>&#8211; \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 &#8211; \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0637 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 1417\u0647\u0640\/ 1996\u0645\u060c \u0635329.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn14\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=625#_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a>&#8211; \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 &#8211; \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0637 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 1417\u0647\u0640\/ 1996\u0645\u060c \u0635328.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn15\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=625#_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0639\u0635\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 31\/ 8\/ 2016\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a: https:\/\/www.alukah.net\/culture\/0\/106976\/<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn16\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=625#_ftnref16\">[16]<\/a>&#8211; \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c 1997\u0645\u060c \u063577-78.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn17\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=625#_ftnref17\">[17]<\/a>&#8211; \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1929\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u061f<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn18\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=625#_ftnref18\">[18]<\/a>&#8211; \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0651 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0628\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u063a\u0648. \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u062a\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0637\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1962 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn19\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=625#_ftnref19\">[19]<\/a>&#8211; \u0633\u062a\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0634\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u062d\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 (\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628)\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 1985\u0645\u060c \u063518-19.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn20\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=625#_ftnref20\">[20]<\/a>&#8211; \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 (1857\u20131909\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn21\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=625#_ftnref21\">[21]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0632\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c 1383\u0647\u0640\/ 1964\u0645\u060c \u063525.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn22\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=625#_ftnref22\">[22]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0639\u0635\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 &#8211; \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c 1985\u0645\u060c \u063556-57.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn23\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=625#_ftnref23\">[23]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0639\u0635\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 &#8211; \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c 1985\u0645\u060c \u063556-57.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn24\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=625#_ftnref24\">[24]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0639\u0635\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 &#8211; \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c 1985\u0645\u060c \u063556-57.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn25\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=625#_ftnref25\">[25]<\/a>&#8211; \u0646\u0627\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0631\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631\u060c 1978\u0645\u060c \u063589.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn26\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=625#_ftnref26\">[26]<\/a>&#8211; \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 (1886-1933)\u060c \u0639\u064f\u0646\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0635\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0647.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn27\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=625#_ftnref27\">[27]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0635110-111.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn28\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=625#_ftnref28\">[28]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635110-111.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn29\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=625#_ftnref29\">[29]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0633\u0648\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629.. \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u06355-6.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn30\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=625#_ftnref30\">[30]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0633\u0648\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629.. \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629\u060c \u06356.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn31\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=625#_ftnref31\">[31]<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0633\u0648\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629.. \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629\u060c \u06356.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn32\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iicss.iq\/?id=40&amp;sid=625#_ftnref32\">[32]<\/a>&#8211; \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a (\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c 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